Blood in stools (hematochezia or melena) or vomitus (hematemesis) can indicate serious gastrointestinal conditions that require prompt medical evaluation. The color and characteristics of the blood can help determine the source and severity of bleeding.
Types of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Upper GI Bleeding
- Bright red blood in vomit (hematemesis)
- Coffee-ground appearance in vomit
- Black, tarry stools (melena)
- Lower GI Bleeding
- Bright red blood in or on stool
- Maroon-colored stools
- Blood mixed with stool
Common Causes
- Upper GI Sources:
- Peptic ulcers
- Esophageal varices
- Gastritis
- Mallory-Weiss tears
- Lower GI Sources:
- Diverticular disease
- Hemorrhoids
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Colorectal cancer
Diagnostic Approach
- Initial Assessment:
- Vital signs monitoring
- Physical examination
- Blood tests
- Digital rectal examination
- Endoscopic Procedures:
- Upper endoscopy
- Colonoscopy
- Video capsule endoscopy
Treatment Options
- Emergency Management:
- Fluid resuscitation
- Blood transfusion if needed
- Correction of coagulation disorders
- Definitive Treatment:
- Endoscopic therapy
- Medication management
- Surgery when necessary
Prevention Strategies
- Regular medical check-ups
- Proper management of underlying conditions
- Avoiding trigger medications
- Lifestyle modifications
- Screening colonoscopy as recommended